Circuli rome4/29/2023 Peter Claus Hartmann (ed.): Regionen in der frühen Neuzeit.Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1989, ISBN 9-9 Winfried Dotzauer: Die deutschen Reichskreise in der Verfassung des alten Reiches und ihr Eigenleben.The Upper Saxon Circle was dominated by the electorates of Saxony (plus its satellite Ernestine duchies) and Brandenburg. The Bavarian Circle mostly consisted of the Wittelsbach Duchy of Bavaria plus its satellites. The Burgundian Circle encompassed the territory controlled by the Spanish Habsburgs (Franche-Comte and the Habsburg Netherlands). The Austrian Circle corresponded almost exactly with the Habsburg hereditary lands. Some of the circles were de facto controlled by a powerful noble house. the Upper Saxon Circle, including the Electorates of Saxony and BrandenburgĪlthough the empire lost several western territories after the secession of the Seven United Netherlands in 1581 and during the French annexations of the 1679 Peace of Nijmegen, the ten circles remained largely unchanged until the early 1790s, when the French Revolutionary Wars brought about significant changes to the political map of Europe.the Electoral Rhenish Circle, including the ecclesiastical Electorates of Mainz, Cologne and Trier, and the secular Electorate of the Palatinate.
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